When it comes to communicating in English, there are two types of speech that you need to be familiar with - direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech is when you quote someone's exact words, while indirect speech is when you report what someone said, but don't use their exact words. Both types of speech have their own rules and uses.

In this reference, we will explore the differences between direct and indirect speech, provide examples, and discuss the rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech.

What is direct and indirect speech?

Direct speech is when you use someone's exact words to report what they said. For example, if someone says "I am going to the store," and you repeat their words, that is direct speech. Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks and attributed to the speaker.

Indirect speech is when you report what someone said without using their exact words. For example, if someone says "I am going to the store," and you report it as "He said he was going for a walk," that is indirect speech. Indirect speech doesn't need to be enclosed in quotation marks and the speaker is usually not mentioned.

Examples of direct and indirect speech

To better understand the differences between direct and indirect speech, let's take a look at some examples.

Direct Speech:

• "I love ice cream," said Sarah.
• "I am going to the party," said John.
• "I need a vacation," said Mary.

Indirect Speech:

• Sarah said that she loves ice cream.
• John said that he was going to the party.
• Mary said that she needed a vacation.

As you can see, in direct speech, the speaker's exact words are used, while in indirect speech, the speaker's words are reported but not necessarily in the same way they were said.

The differences between direct and indirect speech

The main difference between direct and indirect speech is that direct speech uses the speaker's exact words, while indirect speech reports what someone said without using their exact words. This means that direct speech is usually more immediate and personal, while indirect speech is more removed and less personal.

Direct speech is normally enclosed in quotation marks and attributed to the speaker, while indirect speech is not enclosed in quotation marks and the speaker is usually not mentioned.

Rules for changing direct to indirect speech

When you need to report what someone said in indirect speech, there are certain rules you need to follow.

Tense Changes

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, you need to change the tense of the verbs to reflect the time of the reporting. For example, if someone says "I am going to the store," and you report it the next day, you would say "He said he was going to the store."

Pronoun Changes

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, you also need to change the pronouns to reflect the subject of the reporting. For example, if someone says "I am going to the store," and you report it as "He said he was going away for a while," you need to change the pronoun "I" to "He."

Reporting verbs

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, you need to use reporting verbs such as "said," "told," "asked," etc. For example, if someone says "I am going to the store," and you report it as "He said he was going to be outside," you need to use the reporting verb "said."

Common mistakes

There are several common mistakes that people make when using direct and indirect speech. Some of these mistakes include:

Mixing direct and indirect speech

One common mistake people make is mixing direct and indirect speech. For example, saying "He said, 'I am going to the store,'" is a mix of direct and indirect speech. It should be reported as "He said he was going to the store."

Incorrect tense changes

Another common mistake people make is incorrect tense changes. For example, saying "He said he is going to the store," is incorrect. It should be reported as "He said he was going to the store."

Incorrect pronoun changes

Finally, people often make mistakes when changing pronouns. For example, saying "He said she was going to the store," is incorrect. It should be reported as "He said he was going to the store."

1

Are indirect or direct speech different from reported speech?

Indirect and direct speech are sometimes referred to as reported speech. Reported speech is a more general term that includes both indirect and direct speech. Overall, reported speech comes up in a variety of situations, such as news reporting and storytelling.

Summary

Direct speech uses the speaker's exact words, while indirect speech reports what someone said without using their exact words. When changing direct speech to indirect speech, you need to follow certain rules, such as tense changes, pronoun changes, and using reporting verbs. By understanding the differences between both kinds of speech, you can communicate more effectively in English. Good luck on your journey and be sure to check out more helpful references below!